Apr 19

Electro-polymerisation of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene on reticulated vitreous carbon in imidazolium-based chloroaluminate ionic liquid as energy storage material

research article

Highlights

  • Electro-polymerisation of porous granular PEDOT films on reticulated vitreous carbon
  • Polymerisation of stable micro/nano-structured PEDOT films by cyclic voltammetry.
  • Doping/de-doping characterisation of the PEDOT films for energy storage.
  • The films achieved 94% coulombic efficiency during doping/de-doping reactions.
  • The films also achieved 45% more capacity than films on two-dimensional electrodes.

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Feb 27

Electro-polymerisation of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene on reticulated vitreous carbon in imidazolium-based chloroaluminate ionic liquid as energy storage material

Electro-polymerisation of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene on reticulated vitreous carbon in imidazolium-based chloroaluminate ionic liquid as energy storage material

Schoetz, T, Ponce De Leon Albarran, C, Bund, A & Ueda, M 2018,

Electrochemistry Communications

Volume 89, April 2018, Pages 52-56
Electrochemistry Communications

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2018.02.018

Available online 27 February 2018

Highlights

Electro-polymerisation of porous granular PEDOT films on reticulated vitreous carbon.

Polymerisation of stable micro/nano-structured PEDOT films by cyclic voltammetry.

Doping/de-doping characterisation of the PEDOT films for energy storage.

The films achieved 94% coulombic efficiency during doping/de-doping reactions.

The films also achieved 45% more capacity than films on two-dimensional electrodes.

Abstract

This work shows the electro-polymerisation of thin film poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) on three-dimensional reticulated vitreous carbon substrates by cyclic voltammetry and pulsed polymerisation methods from a Lewis neutral chloroaluminate ionic liquid containing 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene monomer. The polymer composite is attractive as an energy storage electrode for sustainable and high-performance technologies due to its unique properties of battery and capacitor in one system, i.e., the redox reaction occurring simultaneously with the anion doping/de-doping of the conductive polymer with AlCl4 ionic species contained in the ionic liquid. The structure of the polymer films, their doping/de-doping mechanism and the stability in the ionic liquid were characterised by scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry and compared with films electro-polymerised on planar vitreous carbon. The typical granular and nano/micro-porous polymer structure observed on planar vitreous carbon was successfully replicated on the macro-porous reticulated vitreous carbon surface. The polymer films show approximately 45% higher capacity than films on planar substrates and similar efficient redox behaviour, proving that the material has hybrid battery-capacitor properties enhanced by the higher area per unit volume of reticulated vitreous carbon.

Graphical abstract

Unlabelled Image

Keywords

Conductive polymers
EDOT oxidation
Electro-polymerisation
PEDOT
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
Reticulated vitreous carbon

Feb 19

Electro-polymerisation and characterisation of PEDOT in Lewis basic, neutral and acidic EMImCl-AlCl3 ionic liquid

Abstract

This work studied the electro-polymerisation of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and its electrochemical behavior in Lewis acidic, neutral and basic chloroaluminate ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride aluminum chloride (EMImCl-AlCl3) by cyclic voltammetry. It was found that the electro-polymerisation on vitreous carbon only occurs in Lewis neutral EMImCl-AlCl3 as a dark blue-violet film whereas the electro-polymerisation in a Lewis acidic or basic compositions is not possible due to the interactions between the conductive polymer and the ionic liquid as well as the potential stability limits of the electrolyte.

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Feb 02

The influence of flow permanence and drying pattern on macroinvertebrate biomonitoring tools used in the assessment of riverine ecosystems

The influence of flow permanence and drying pattern on macroinvertebrate biomonitoring tools used in the assessment of riverine ecosystems

N.A.WildingaJ.C.WhitebR.P.ChaddcA.HousedP.J.Woodb

a
International Centre for Ecohydraulics Research, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton,
b
Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Department of Geography, Loughborough University,
c
Environment Agency of England,
d
Wessex Water,

Ecological Indicators

Volume 85, February 2018, Pages 548-555

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.10.059 

Highlights

Effects of drying patterns on macroinvertebrate biomonitoring tools are examined.

All indices differed significantly between temporary and perennial sites.

Biomonitoring tools also varied as a function of the drying pattern.

A reduction in flow permanence resulted in a decline of all index values.

Abstract

Temporary rivers comprise a significant proportion of river networks globally and their prevalence is expected to increase as a result of future climate change and anthropogenic water resource pressures. Despite this, the influence of drying events on freshwater biomonitoring tools within temporary rivers has received limited research attention within temperate environments. This study examines the effects of flow permanence and longitudinal drying patterns on selected biomonitoring indices used within the United Kingdom to assess the ecological status of waterbodies within the context of the Water Framework Directive. These indices are based on faunal tolerances and preferences to nutrient enrichment (BMWP, ASPT and Ntaxa) and flow velocity (Family LIFE). Long-term biomonitoring data from four rivers within southern England were examined, two of which dry longitudinally from the headwaters and two that dry within the mid-reaches. The results demonstrate that all of the biomonitoring indices examined differed significantly between each ‘hydrological class’ (i.e. temporary versus perennial reaches), with those based on absolute scores (BMWP and Ntaxa) displaying greater differences compared to those derived using scores standardized by the number of taxa recorded (ASPT and Family LIFE). The individual influence of drying pattern did not have a significant effect on any biomonitoring index. However, the interaction between the hydrological class and drying pattern significantly influenced all biomonitoring indices, indicating that the effect of flow intermittency on the metrics examined differed between drying patterns. Flow permanence explained a greater amount of statistical variation compared to the hydrological class and highlights the importance of the duration of flowing conditions on biomonitoring indices. The results indicate that flow intermittency has a significant effect on freshwater biomonitoring tools and highlights the need to incorporate this knowledge into existing management and environmental policy frameworks to prevent the misclassification of the ecological status of temporary streams.

Keywords

Aquatic invertebrates
Biological indices
Ecological assessment
Intermittent
Stream drying
Temporary streams

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